The Comprehensive Guide to Crusher Types: Powering Modern Material Processing

Crushers are the indispensable workhorses of mining, produção agregada, construção, e indústrias de reciclagem. Their core function is simple: reduce large chunks of raw material into smaller, manageable sizes suitable for further processing or direct use. Selecting the correct crusher type is a critical decision impacting operational efficiency, qualidade do produto, and overall project economics. This guide delves into the fundamental principles, major classifications, and specific applications of various crushers.

Understanding Crushing Fundamentals: Force and Fragmentation

No seu coração, crushing involves applying sufficient force to overcome the internal bonds holding a particle together. The primary mechanisms employed are:

1. Compressão: Material is squeezed between two surfaces (por exemplo, jaws or cones), causing fracture along natural cleavage lines.
2. Impacto: Material is struck by rapidly moving parts (por exemplo, hammers or blow bars), shattering it through high-energy collisions.
3. Atrito/Abrasão: Material particles rub against each other or against surfaces under pressure, wearing them down gradually.
4. Cisalhamento: A cutting action is applied to the material.

Most crushers utilize a dominant mechanism but may incorporate secondary effects.

Major Crusher Classifications Based on Mechanism & Projeto

1. Britadores de mandíbulas (Compression Dominant)

Princípio: Material enters a V-shaped chamber formed by a fixed jaw and a moving jaw mounted on an eccentric shaft. As the moving jaw reciprocates towards the fixed jaw (with a slight elliptical motion), it compresses the feed material against the stationary surface until it fractures small enough to fall through the bottom opening (Configuração lateral fechada - CSS).
Componentes: Fixed Jaw Die/Pitman, Moving Jaw Die/Swing Jaw, Eixo Excêntrico, Toggle Plate/Adjustment System.
Características:

Robust construction for handling hard, materiais abrasivos.
Simple design and relatively easy maintenance.
High reduction ratio capability (tipicamente 6:1 para 8:1).
Output size controlled primarily by adjusting CSS.
Can handle large feed sizes (up to ~1500mm in large models).
Generates more fines than cone crushers at similar settings due to "alimentação sufocada" characteristics near discharge.
Variations:
Single Toggle Overhead Eccentric: Most common modern design; simpler with