How Does a Jaw Crusher Work? Crushing Rock and Ore Efficiently

The jaw crusher stands as one of the most fundamental and widely used pieces of equipment in industries ranging from mining and quarrying to construction and recycling. Its robust design and straightforward operating principle make it indispensable for reducing large rocks and ores into manageable sizes for further processing or use as aggregate. But how exactly does this powerful machine achieve its task? Let's delve into its inner workings.

Le principe fondamental: Concassage par compression

En son coeur, a jaw crusher operates on a remarkably simple yet effective principle: compression. It utilizes two opposing jaw surfaces – one stationary and one moving – to exert immense pressure on material fed into the chamber between them (the crushing chamber). This pressure forces the material to fracture along natural fault lines until it becomes small enough to fall through the gap at the bottom.

Composants:

1. Mâchoire fixe (Matrice stationnaire): This rigidly mounted plate forms one side of the crushing chamber.

2. Mâchoire mobile (Swing Die): Mounted on an eccentric shaft assembly (le pitman), this jaw moves in an elliptical motion towards and away from the fixed jaw.
3. Arbre excentrique: The central rotating shaft driven by a motor via belts/pulleys or directly by a hydraulic motor/variable frequency drive (VFD). Its offset section creates the elliptical motion of the movable jaw.
4. Pitman: The component connecting the eccentric shaft directly to the movable jaw assembly, transmitting its motion.
5. Plaque à bascule(s): A crucial safety mechanism positioned behind/underneath the pitman/movable jaw assembly.
Acts as a mechanical fuse designed to break under excessive overloads (par ex., uncrushable material entering), protecting other components from catastrophic damage.
Provides support for pushing against during compression strokes.
Helps maintain alignment.
6. Plaques de joue: Protective liners on the sides of the crushing chamber frame that prevent wear on the main frame itself.

7. Volants: Heavy wheels mounted on each end of the eccentric shaft outside the frame.
Store rotational energy during non-compression parts of the cycle (return stroke).
Release this stored energy during compression strokes when peak power is needed to crush hard material.
Provide inertia for smoother operation by reducing fluctuations in power demand from the motor.
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